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The most common methods to manage biofouling on SSAS are mechanical and are applied reactively to manage biofouling assemblages after they have developed to substantial levels. This review and synthesis collates the range of methods and tools that exist or are emerging for managing SSAS biofouling for a variety of sectors, highlighting key criteria and knowledge gaps that affect development, and uptake to improve operational and environmental outcomes.

Therefore, management of biofouling on SSAS has a range of potential benefits that can improve structure functions, cost-efficiency, sustainability, productivity, and biosecurity.

These structures are prone to the accumulation of biofouling that can result in unwanted impacts, both immediate and long-term. The number, extent, diversity, and global reach of submerged static artificial structures (SSAS) in the marine environment is increasing. 2Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.1Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.Grant Hopkins 1*† Ian Davidson 1† Eugene Georgiades 2† Oliver Floerl 1 Donald Morrisey 1 Patrick Cahill 1†

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